Author: Matt Martinich
Posted: November 7th, 2012
Overview
The most populous city on the Korean
Peninsula and capital of South Korea, Seoul (서울) supports a population of approximately 10.5 million people
within its city limits.[1]
The entire Seoul agglomeration also includes neighboring satellite cities such
as Bucheon (부천), Goyang (고양), Incheon (인천),
Seongnam (성남), and Suwon (수원) and ties with Jakarta, Indonesia as the fourth most populous
agglomeration in the world with 25.4 million people.[2]
Seoul proper is divided into 25 administrative city districts
called gu (구). The LDS
Church has maintained a presence in Seoul for half a century and reports over
two dozen congregations, six stakes, and one district headquartered within the
city limits. This case study reviews past LDS growth in Seoul and
identifies successes, opportunities, challenges, and future prospects for
growth. The growth of the LDS Church is compared to other nontraditional
Christian faiths.
LDS Background
In 1970, the Church created the
Seoul Korea Military District to service American military personnel and
English speakers throughout the country. In 1973, the Church created its
first stake in Seoul: The Seoul Korea Stake. Additional stakes organized
included the Seoul Korea South (1977), Seoul Korea East (1979), Seoul Korea
North (1979), Seoul Korea Gangseo (1982), Seoul Korea Yeongdong (1982), and
Seoul Korea Dongdaemun (1983). Announced in 1981, the Seoul Korea Temple
was dedicated in 1985 and continues to service all of South Korea. In
1992, the Church created two new stakes in neighboring Anyang and Suwon.
The Anyang Korea Stake continues to service two wards within the Seoul city
limits in Geumcheon-gu. In 2001, there were 42 congregations based within
the Seoul city limits (38 wards, four branches) that on average serviced a
quarter of a million people each.
In 2012, the Church discontinued the
Seoul Korea North Stake and assigned all remaining wards to the Seoul Korea
Stake. In late 2012, there were nine wards and one branch in the Seoul
Korea Stake, five wards and one branch in the Seoul Korea Dongdaemun Stake,
five wards in the Seoul Korea East Stake, seven wards in the Seoul Korea
Gangseo Stake, five wards in the Seoul Korea South Stake, and five wards and
one branch in the Seoul Korea Yeongdong Stake. In late 2012, there were
28 congregations based within the Seoul city limits (25 wards, three branches)
that on average serviced approximately 370,000 people each.
A map of Seoul city districts and
status of LDS outreach as of late 2012 can be found here.
Successes
The Church has operated a
congregation within 24 of Seoul's 25 city districts within the past decade,
providing minimal missionary outreach for 96.5% of the city population.
In the early 2000s, the Church operated at least one congregation for every
city district except Gangbuk. In late 2012, only four city districts had
no LDS meetinghouse or congregation based entirely within the district (Gangbuk,
Mapo, Seongdong, and Yongsan) due to ward consolidations over the previous
decade. Of the 21 city districts with an LDS congregation at present, 14
have one congregation and seven have two congregations.
Convert retention rates in Seoul
have appeared higher than in many other areas of South Korea.
Approximately half of converts appeared to be active within a year after
baptism in some Seoul stakes; significantly higher than in many other areas of
Korea where hundreds of converts are baptized a year but with little or no
increase in sacrament meeting attendance.
Local leadership exhibits good
sustainability and adequate training resulting in no need for missionaries to
undertake local ward callings or fulfill member responsibilities. The
Church has closed wards before individual congregations become inclined to rely
on full-time missionaries to fill empty positions.
Opportunities
The dense concentration of millions
of Koreans within a small geographic area allows for fewer mission outreach
centers to adequately service the population. Small towns and rural
communities pose significantly greater difficulties for the Church to proselyte
due to their small populations spread over large geographical areas, thus
requiring more congregations to adequately reach the population.
Approximately one-fifth of the national population resides within the city
limits of Seoul and can be easily administered with one or two missionary
companionships assigned to each district. Planting branches within the
four unreached city districts or in neighborhoods distant from current LDS
meetinghouses would provide for greater saturation of missionary outreach
although it is likely that the Church would experience slow growth in these
areas. Due to often higher receptivity among the non-Korean population,
ethnic-specific outreach among migrant workers. As of late 2012, there
have been no concentrated efforts to reach this population although the Korea
Seoul Mission has periodically assigned a companionship to the Seoul (English)
Branch to teach foreigners.
Challenges
The emigration of active Korean
Latter-day Saint families has seriously impacted the growth of the Church in
Seoul. Full member families have primarily relocated to the United
States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and China over the past decade for
employment and educational purposes and rarely return. Other factors have
contributed to emigration including a dwindling population of active members,
cultural pressures that oppose LDS teachings, and desire for higher living
standards. No LDS colleges or universities based in Asia has also
influenced emigration trends as many Koreans view the Church as
Americentric. The steady exodus of active members has created a
leadership vacuum and decreased the number of active members in many areas,
necessitating the consolidation of more than a dozen wards and the
discontinuation of a stake for the first time in the Church's history in Korea
- all within the past decade. In November 2009, the Area Presidency and
LDS apostle Elder Jeffrey R. Holland strongly admonished remaining members to
not leave the country and promised that once members stopped emigrating
elsewhere that the Church would experience greater growth in Korea. As of
late 2012, there has not appeared to be any noticeable change in the ongoing
trend of steady Latter-day Saint emigration from Korea as indicated by ongoing
ward closures in Seoul and throughout the country.
The declining number of active
members in Seoul is further evidenced by other negative church growth
developments within the past decade, namely decreasing numbers of congregations
and full-time missionaries serving from South Korea. One-third of the
Church's wards and branches headquartered within the Seoul city limits closed
between 2001 and late 2012. The massive consolidation of units has
reduced the Church's outreach throughout the city. Between 2001 and 2012,
the number of congregations within the Seoul city limits declined by four in
the Seoul South Stake (Sadang, Seo Dae, Sillim, and Sangdo Wards), two in the
Seoul Gangseo Stake (Banghwa and Sinwol Wards), two in the former Seoul North
Stake (Mapo and Sinchon Wards), two in the Seoul Stake (Chung Woon and
Seongdong Wards), two in the Seoul East Stake (Jangan and Taeneung Wards), and
two in the Seoul Yeong Dong Stake (Jamsil and Yeongdong Wards). The Seoul
North Stake was the only stake in Seoul that did not have a ward or branch
discontinued within the Seoul city limits since 2001. The number of
Korean Latter-day Saints serving missions from Korea has continued to fall from
possibly as many as 300 in the late 1980s and early 1990s to approximately 100
in 2010. Fewer youth converts joining the Church within the past two
decades and the departure of LDS families with children appear primarily
responsible for this decline. This decline has occurred not just within
Seoul but throughout the entire country and contributed to the closure of the
Korea Missionary Training Center (MTC) that was previously based next to the
Seoul Korea Temple.
The recent trend in congregation
decline over the past decade is especially concerning in light of the
increasing population of Seoul. Between 2002 and 2009, the city
population increased by 183,500. The three city districts that
experienced the greatest population increases were Gangseo (49,027), Songpa
(39,408), and Seocho (37,548) whereas the three city districts that experienced
the largest population decreases were Seodaemun (-31,352), Nowon (-28,424), and
Seongdong (-26,954). Within the past decade, two of the three city
districts that reported the largest population gains had at least one ward
discontinued (Gangseo and Songpa) whereas two of the three city districts that
reported the largest population loses had at least one ward discontinued (Seodaemun
and Seongdong). In other words, these findings indicate a shrinking LDS
population in Seoul as evidenced by the total city population continuing to
increase but the number of active members continuing to decrease.
Receptivity to the Church has also
declined within Seoul over the past two decades due to the saturation of
proselytizing Christian faiths and increasing secularism. These
conditions have resulted in fewer convert baptisms and the Church assigning
smaller numbers of full-time missionaries. The 2010 decision to merge the
Korea Seoul and Korea Seoul West Missions into a single mission stands as a
further testament to declining church growth conditions due a decline in
member-missionary manpower, expanding opportunities in countries with more
receptive populations, and the decline in the number of Korean members serving
full-time missions.
The Church in South Korea
experiences one of the lowest member activity rates in the world as only 10-15%
of nominal members on church records are active. The whereabouts of most
inactive members are unknown and Korean laws prevent the Church from finding
lost members using their national identification numbers. Quick-baptism
tactics employed for several decades particularly among youth, socialization problems
with new move-ins, increased travel times for members that live in an area
where a ward closed, and declining church attendance rates in the general
population have all contributed to low member activity rates.
Comparative Growth
The decline in the number of
congregations in Seoul has been greater than any other major city in South
Korea. One-third of the wards and branches have closed within the past
decade in Seoul compared to only one-fifth of the number of wards and branches
nationwide. Some industrialized East Asian nations report similar
declines in the numbers of wards and branches in major cities such as in Japan
and Hong Kong. The extend of LDS outreach in Seoul remains average for
major cities in East Asia. In Japan, the Church operates six
Japanese-speaking wards and two English-speaking wards headquartered in six of
the 23 ku or administrative wards within the city limits of
Tokyo. In Taiwan, the Church has a congregation functioning in nine of
the 12 city districts of Taipei. In Hong Kong, the Church has a
congregation functioning in 17 of the 18 city districts.
Jehovah's Witnesses operate over 100
congregations within the Seoul city limits. There are several non-Korean
congregations including six Korean sign language, four Chinese-speaking, and
two English-speaking congregations and one congregation each for Hindi,
Japanese, Russian, and Vietnamese speakers. Four languages have a group
that meets under another congregation including Mongolian, Nepali, Spanish, and
Tagalog. The LDS Church operates only one massive English-speaking branch
that had almost 300 active members in 2010. The Seoul (English) Branch
also services a handful of Tagalog, Chinese, and French speakers and operates a
Tagalog-speaking Sunday School but no other non-English language
services. The LDS Church once operated a Mongolian-speaking group in the
mid-2000s but it was unclear whether this congregation continued to operate in
the early 2010s.
Future Prospects
The outlook for future LDS Church
growth in Seoul appears bleak due the steady emigration of active members to
other countries, no indication that the ongoing trend of congregation
consolidations is close to reversing, the recent closure of the Korea MTC and
the Korea Seoul West Mission, declining numbers of members serving missions,
few convert baptisms, and the Church not creating any new wards or branches
within Seoul in over a decade. Half of the Church's remaining stakes in
Seoul operate with the minimum number of wards needed for a stake to function,
signaling that additional stakes will be discontinued if any more wards are
closed. The opening of a small church university in Seoul may help
reverse the trend of member emigration and jumpstart missionary activity among
youth and young adults although prospects appear slim that the Church will
pursue opening any additional universities in the coming years worldwide - let
alone in South Korea where there are only approximately 10,000 active members
and well-established universities that are highly esteemed by the general
public. A more realistic outlook for addressing activity and emigration
woes may focus on creating young single adult (YSA) outreach centers similar to
the Church's efforts in Europe to encourage members to marry within the Church
and foster a sense of LDS community.
